TL;DR Code

As usual with me, here the link to the code:

Introduction

This article is the second part on custom policies with Trivy. If you missed the first article, here is the link to the article.

In this article, we're going to write a custom policy for the Trivy Operator rather than for the Trivy itself.

Let me start with the good news: Everything you learned in the previous article is still valid. There are some small differences to reflect the fact that the Trivy Operator runs on Kubernetes. We get to that later.

Trivy k8s CLI

Before we create the custom policy for the operator, let's have a deeper look on how we could use the Trivy CLI to check for configuration issues in our Kubernetes cluster.

The trivy k8s subcommand allows us to scan a Kubernetes cluster for vulnerabilities, secrets and misconfigurations. We can run the command locally or integrate it into our CI/CD pipeline. There is already a huge list of builtin policies to use.

To use our custom policies, we need to point to our custom rego policy folder as such:

trivy k8s --config-policy ./quick-bites/trivy-custom-policy/policies --policy-namespaces user --report all -n <namespace to scan> all

Take care to set the kubeconfig globaly or pass the k8s context and kubeconfig to the command (--context and --kubeconfig flag)

On my local docker-desktop cluster and got the following output:

Great for on-demand scans but if we want continuous cluster audit scanning we need to use the Trivy Operator.

The Trivy Operator

In a nutshell: the Trivy Operator automatically updates security report resources in response to workload and other changes on a Kubernetes cluster! This means for example, initiating a configuration audit when a new Pod is started.

Before we can jump into deploying our custom policy. we need to create a demo Kubernetes cluster and deploy the Trivy Operator on it.

I am going to use Civo as my cloud provider and use Pulumi as my infrastructure as code tool.

Of course, you could use also KIND, Rancher Desktop or Docker Desktop.

Prerequisites

• Have a Civo account and the API key by hand. The Civo CLI is not required for this tutorial.
• Have Pulumi CLI installed and configured. You can find the detailed installation instructions here.

Create a Kubernetes Cluster

Pulumi offers wide range of support for different languages to choose from to write your IaC code. I decided to use YAML for this tutorial.

Create a new directory, initialize a new Pulumi project and install the Civo provider with following commands:

export CIVO_TOKEN=xxxx
pulumi new yaml

You should have now a file called Pulumi.yaml in your directory. Open it and add the following lines:

name: trivy-operator-custom-policy
runtime: yaml
description: Trivy Operator with custom policy on Civo

variables:
  civo-region: FRA1
  civo-k8s-node-size: g4s.kube.medium
  civo-k8s-node-count: 2
  trivy-namespaces: trivy-system
  trivy-operator-version: 0.2.0

resources:
  civo-firewall:
    type: civo:Firewall
    properties:
      name: MyCivoFirewall
      region: ${civo-region}

  civo-k3s-cluster:
    type: civo:KubernetesCluster
    properties:
      name: MyCivoCluster
      region: ${civo-region}
      firewallId: ${civo-firewall.id}
      cni: cilium
      pools:
        nodeCount: ${civo-k8s-node-count}
        size: ${civo-k8s-node-size}

  k8s-provider:
    type: pulumi:providers:kubernetes
    properties:
      kubeconfig: ${civo-k3s-cluster.kubeconfig}
      enableServerSideApply: true

  trivy-namespace:
    type: kubernetes:core/v1:Namespace
    properties:
      metadata:
        name: ${trivy-namespaces}
    options:
      provider: ${k8s-provider}

  trivy-operator:
    type: kubernetes:helm.sh/v3:Release
    properties:
      namespace: ${trivy-namespace.metadata.name}
      chart: trivy-operator
      version: ${trivy-operator-version}
      repositoryOpts:
        repo: https://aquasecurity.github.io/helm-charts/
      values:
        trivy:
          ignoreUnfixed: true
          imageRef: ghcr.io/aquasecurity/trivy:0.31.3
    options:
      provider: ${k8s-provider}

outputs:
  kubeconfig:
    Fn::Secret:
      ${civo-k3s-cluster.kubeconfig}

Run the preview command to see what resources will be created:

pulumi preview

You should see something like this:

Previewing update (dev)

View Live: https://app.pulumi.com/dirien/trivy-operator-custom-policy/dev/previews/25d8b831-a743-4090-9105-ae25be9625db

     Type                              Name                              Plan       
 +   pulumi:pulumi:Stack               trivy-operator-custom-policy-dev  create     
 +   ├─ civo:index:Firewall            civo-firewall                     create     
 +   ├─ civo:index:KubernetesCluster   civo-k3s-cluster                  create     
 +   ├─ pulumi:providers:kubernetes    k8s-provider                      create     
 +   ├─ kubernetes:core/v1:Namespace   trivy-namespace                   create     
 +   └─ kubernetes:helm.sh/v3:Release  trivy-operator                    create     

Outputs:
    kubeconfig: [secret]

Resources:
    + 6 to create

If everything looks good, we can go ahead and create the resources:

pulumi up -y -f

Info: I added the flags -y -f to the command. The flag -y will automatically approve the changes and -f will force the update.

This may take a few moments until all resources are created and your cluster is ready to use.

To get the kubeconfig of the cluster, we can run the following command:

pulumi stack output kubeconfig --show-secrets > kubeconfig.yaml

As we are done with the cluster setup, we can go ahead transform our existing policy so the Trivy Operator can load it and use it for auditing and config violations.

Following steps are necessary:

• Create a ConfigMap named trivy-operator-policies-config. The Trivy Operator will look for this ConfigMap and use the policies defined in it.
• Define two data entries in the trivy-operator-policies-config ConfigMap. The policy.<your_policy_name>.kinds and policy.<your_policy_name>.rego entries.
  • The policy.<your_policy_name>.kinds entry should contain a list of Kubernetes resources that should be checked by the policy.
  • The policy.<your_policy_name>.rego entry should contain the Rego policy.
• The package name in the Rego policy should be trivyoperator.policy.k8s.custom package to avoid naming collision with built-in policies that are pre-installed.

The finished ConfigMap should look like this:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: trivy-operator-policies-config
  namespace: trivy-system
data:
  policy.ED001.kinds: "*"
  policy.ED001.rego: |
    package builtin.trivyoperator.policy.k8s.custom

    import future.keywords.in
    import data.lib.kubernetes
    import data.lib.result

    default allowedRegistries = ["quay.io","ghcr.io","gcr.io"]

    __rego_metadata__ := {
      "id": "ED001",
      "title": "Allowed container registry checks",
      "severity": "CRITICAL",
      "description": "The usage of non approved container registries is not permitted",
    }

    __rego_input__ := {
      "combine": false,
      "selector": [{"type": "kubernetes"}],
    }

    allowedRegistry(image) {
      registry := allowedRegistries[_]
      startswith(image, registry)
    }

    deny[res] {
      container := kubernetes.containers[_]
      not allowedRegistry(container.image)
      msg :=  kubernetes.format(sprintf("Container '%s' with image '%s' of %s '%s' comes from not approved container registry %s", [container.name, container.image, kubernetes.kind, kubernetes.name, allowedRegistries]))
      res := result.new(msg, container)
    }

As we continue to use Pulumi, I am going to deploy the ConfigMap with Pulumi as well. Add following code snippet after thetrivy-operatorresource definition in the Pulumi.yaml file:

  trivy-policy-cm:
    type: kubernetes:core/v1:ConfigMap
    options:
      provider: ${k8s-provider}
      parent: ${trivy-operator}
    properties:
      metadata:
        name: trivy-operator-policies-config
        namespace: ${trivy-namespace.metadata.name}
      data:
        policy.ED001.kinds: "*"
        policy.ED001.rego: |
          package builtin.trivyoperator.policy.k8s.custom

          import future.keywords.in
          import data.lib.kubernetes
          import data.lib.result

          default allowedRegistries = ["quay.io","ghcr.io","gcr.io"]

          __rego_metadata__ := {
            "id": "ED001",
            "title": "Allowed container registry checks",
            "severity": "CRITICAL",
            "description": "The usage of non approved container registries is not permitted",
          }

          __rego_input__ := {
            "combine": false,
            "selector": [{"type": "kubernetes"}],
          }

          allowedRegistry(image) {
            registry := allowedRegistries[_]
            startswith(image, registry)
          }

          deny[res] {
            container := kubernetes.containers[_]
            not allowedRegistry(container.image)
            msg :=  kubernetes.format(sprintf("Container '%s' with image '%s' of %s '%s' comes from not approved container registry %s", [container.name, container.image, kubernetes.kind, kubernetes.name, allowedRegistries]))
            res := result.new(msg, container)
          }

Now, we can go ahead and update the stack:

pulumi up -y -f

And you should see in the output that the ConfigMap was created:

Resources:
    + 1 created
    6 unchanged

We can now go ahead and create a deployment that will violate our policy:

kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx

The Trivy Operator will exclude the kube-system namespace and its own namespace (trivy-system) from the scan. You can configure this behaviour with setting the excludeNamespaces and targetNamespaces values.

When we retrieve the corresponding configuration audit report, we can see that our custom policy was triggered:

kubectl get configauditreport replicaset-nginx-6799fc88d8 -o wide
NAME                          SCANNER   AGE     CRITICAL   HIGH   MEDIUM   LOW
replicaset-nginx-6799fc88d8   Trivy     2m14s   1          0      3        10

If we describe that report we will see that it's failing because of our custom policy:

apiVersion: aquasecurity.github.io/v1alpha1
kind: ConfigAuditReport
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2022-09-18T12:24:59Z"
  generation: 1
  labels:
    plugin-config-hash: 745c586b6c
    resource-spec-hash: 74d79948df
    trivy-operator.resource.kind: ReplicaSet
    trivy-operator.resource.name: nginx-6799fc88d8
    trivy-operator.resource.namespace: default
  name: replicaset-nginx-6799fc88d8
  namespace: default
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: apps/v1
    blockOwnerDeletion: false
    controller: true
    kind: ReplicaSet
    name: nginx-6799fc88d8
    uid: 5d92b606-dce8-4240-a7cb-39526663a4a7
  resourceVersion: "3034"
  uid: d8d320de-1d9a-4ac8-ab34-cc2f8c2af390
report:
  checks:
...
    - category: Kubernetes Security Check
      checkID: ED001
      description: The usage of non approved container registries is not permitted
      messages:
        - Container 'nginx' with image 'nginx' of ReplicaSet 'nginx-6799fc88d8' comes
          from not approved container registry ["quay.io", "ghcr.io", "gcr.io"]
      severity: CRITICAL
      success: false
      title: Allowed container registry checks

Before we head over to the wrap up of this tutorial, let us clean our test cluster with the following Pulumi command:

pulumi destroy -y -f

This will delete the stack and all the resources that were created before!

Wrap up

We have seen how we can use the Trivy Operator to enable continuous cluster audit scanning in our Kubernetes cluster with our own custom policies. This is a great way to ensure that our cluster is always in a secure state and that we are not violating any policies that we have defined inside our project team or company.

It would be great if the good folks from Aqua Security would add some kind of Admissions Controller support to the Trivy Operator. This would allow us to block the deployment of any resources that violate our policies.

This would be a great addition to the Trivy Operator and would make it an even more perfect tool for operation teams.